A Study of Words of the “Ge” Type in the Chinese Dialects

نویسنده

  • Hua-yun Wang
چکیده

「箇」的量詞用法存在於現代漢語各方言區,其指代詞和相當於「的1、的2、的 3」的結構助詞用法,則存在於南方的漢語方言以及相鄰的少數官話方言點中。指代 詞「箇1」的次類複雜,在江淮官話黃孝片是所指不分遠近的定指詞,在贛語、湘 語、徽語區主要演變為近指代詞,在粵語區、閩語中的個別地方主要演變為遠指代 詞,在客家話和相鄰的部分贛語中分化為遠指代詞和近指代詞;在吳語區以演變為 近指代詞為主,其他各類指代詞都有一定的存在面。「箇1」由定指詞向各類指示代 詞的演變,基本上是在長江以南分別成片進行的,表現出「大集中、小分散」的格 局,吳語區則反映出定指詞與中性、近指、遠指代詞並存的局面。在指代詞「箇1」 分佈的各方言區以及平話中,大都存在相當於「的3」的結構助詞「箇3」;在「箇 1」用作定指詞、近指代詞的贛語、湘語、吳語、客家話的部分方言中,則存在相當 於「的1、的2」的結構助詞「箇2」。「箇類詞」在南方方言中的不同分佈,從共時 的角度反映出「箇」由量詞而指代詞、由量詞和指代詞而結構助詞的語法化歷程。 湖北東部的江淮官話和贛語則集中反映了這種歷程:量詞「箇」的省略單用,導致 了定指詞「箇1」和結構助詞「箇3」的出現;定指詞「箇1」在表示方式的狀語後複 指用法的虛化,導致了結構助詞「箇2」的產生。「箇」的語法化,伴隨著語音的 變化其中主要是聲調、韻母的變化。某些「箇類詞」在某些地方僅有遺跡,當是 其受權威方言影響走向消亡的表現。謂語和補語之間的結構助詞「箇4」也是量詞 的省略單用形成的。官話和晉語中廣泛存在「箇4」,但大都不存在「箇1、箇2、 箇3」。可見,「箇1、箇2、箇3」和「箇4」的地域分佈是對立的。

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تاریخ انتشار 2008